Prevalence and risk factors of mild chronic renal failure in HIV-infected patients: influence of female gender and antiretroviral therapy

ABSTRACT Background In people living with HIV, much is known about chronic kidney disease, defined as a glomerular filtration rate under 60 mL/min. However, there is scarce data about prevalence and risk factors for milder impairment (60-89 mL/min). Objective The present study aims to assess the influence of sex, antiretroviral therapy, and classical risk factors on the occurrence of mild decreased renal function in a large Spanish cohort of HIV-infected patients. Methods Cross-sectional, single center study, including all adult HIV-1-infected patients under antiretroviral treatment with at least two serum creatinine measures during 2014, describing the occurrence of and the risk factors for mildly decreased renal function (eGFR by CKD-EPI creatinine equation of 60-89 mL/min). Results Among the 4337 patients included, the prevalence rate of mildly reduced renal function was 25%. Independent risk factors for this outcome were age older than 50 years (OR 3.03, 95% CI 2.58-3.55), female sex (OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.02-1.48), baseline hypertension (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.25-1.97) or dyslipidemia (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.17-1.87), virologic suppression (OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.39-2.53), and exposure to tenofovir disoproxil-fumarate (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.33-2.08) or ritonavir-boosted protease-inhibitors (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.03-1.39). Conclusions Females and patients over 50 seem to be more vulnerable to renal impairment. Potentially modifiable risk factors and exposure to tenofovir disoproxil-fumarate or ritonavir-boosted protease-inhibitors are present even in earlier stages of chronic kidney dysfunction. It remains to be determined whether early interventions including antiretroviral therapy changes (tenofovir alafenamide, cobicistat) or improving comorbidities management will improve the course of chronic kidney disease.

Trasplante renal grupo sanguíneo ABO incompatible. Experiencia colaborativa inédita España y Perú / Incompatible ABO blood group renal transplant. Unprecedented collaborative experience between Spain and Peru

La incompatibilidad de grupo sanguíneo ABO y la sensibilización al HLA constituyen grandes barreras a vencer en pro de la óptima utilización de riñones de donante vivo. Describimos en nuestro medio el primer trasplante renal exitoso ABO incompatible en un paciente de 24 años, retrasplantado renal, altamente sensibilizado (PRA: 89%) y sin opción alguna en disponer de donantes cadavéricos ni familiares. Sin embargo, su único donante vivo HLA compatible era de grupo sanguíneo A incompatible con el grupo O del receptor. El paciente requirió de un régimen precondicionante consistente en recambios plasmáticos, rituximab, imunoglobulina y terapia inmunosupresora cuádruple, a fin de reducir los títulos elevados de isoaglutininas anti A de 1:128 a niveles de seguridad de 1:8, para el éxito del trasplante. Este fue realizado en Coordinación con la Unidad de Trasplante Renal del Hospital Clínic de Barcelona España (HCB). La ausencia de rechazo mediado por isoaglutininas muestra el potencial beneficio del protocolo al remover los anticuerpos anti grupo sanguíneo. A los dos años del trasplante, la función renal se mantiene estable con niveles de creatinina 1,5 mg%. Concluimos que el trasplante renal ABO incompatible (ABOi) es opción viable para pacientes cuyo único donante sea grupo sanguíneo incompatible, y entre nosotros representa esperanzadora fuente de órganos.

ABO blood group incompatibility and HLA sensitization are major barriers that need to be overcome in order to make optimum use of kidneys from living donors possible. We report the first successful ABO- incompatible kidney transplant in a 24-year old, highly sensitized (panel reactive antibodies (PRA) 89% kidney retransplantation patient, who lacked any option to get a cadaveric or family donor. However, the patient's sole HLA-compatible living donor had group A blood incompatible with the recipient's O blood group. The < patient required a pre-conditioning regime that consisted of plasma exchange, rituximab, immunoglobulin, and quadruple immunosuppressive therapy in order to reduce high titers of anti-A isoagglutinins from 1:128 to a safe level of 1:8, for successful transplant. This was performed in coordination with the Renal Transplant Unit of Hospital Clinic de Barcelona (HCB), Spain. Absence of rejection mediated by isoagglutinins shows the potential benefit of a protocol consisting in removing antibodies from the anti-blood group. Two yearsafter transplantation, the kidney function remains stable, with creatinine levels of 1.5 mg%. We conclude that an ABO-incompatible kidney transplant is a viable option for patients whose only donor has blood of an incompatible blood group and for us this represents a hope-inspiring source of organs .